Understanding Heartburn to Treat It Properly

After enjoying a big meal, you sat down in front of your LCD TV watching a football game to relax. Then suddenly, you feel something happen inside your body. You suddenly felt a burning sensation that begins in the upper abdomen and makes its way behind the breastbone. Your chest feels like it’s on fire and the pain is radiating from your diaphragm to your throat. The pain is accompanied by a bitter or sour taste and you feel as if food is reentering your mouth. What you just experienced is a severe case of heartburn.

How to Manage Heartburn: Getting Relief from Heartburn

First of all, what is heartburn? Basically, heartburn is a digestive problem where stomach acids come in contact with the esophagus. This causes irritation, which in turn causes us to feel heartburn. You have to remember that heartburn has nothing to do with the heart as the name may suggest. It is believed to have been named heartburn because of the burning sensation in the chest when the condition occurs. Generally, heartburn can happen to almost anyone. When you experience heartburn, you will feel a burning sensation that starts in the upper abdomen and works its way up to the breastbone.

Heartburn: What Is It and Why Should You Be Concerned

Whenever you drink beer, you feel something burning inside your chest located just behind your breastbone. It’s painful and it rises into the chest and radiates to your neck, throat, and angle of the jaw. You feel like vomiting but nothing comes out but just a bitter taste in your mouth. You’ve just experienced heartburn or also known as pyrosis or acid indigestion. Basically, heartburn is often associated with regurgitation of gastric acid or also known as acid reflux. This is why you feel a burning sensation in your chest and in your throat.

Heartburn: Lifestyle Changes That Can Help Prevent Heartburn

Thanks to man’s innovation and advancement in technology, we are now able to live comfortably and easily. However, it also brought us problems that we need to learn to deal with. Primarily, the comfort and convenience of modern life have increased the risk of heart related diseases, such as hypertension and stroke. And, it also increased the likelihood of heartburn. Although the name heartburn suggests that this is a heart related illness, it’s really not even close to that. As a matter of fact, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart.

Heartburn: When You Should Seek Medical Help

Millions of people today experiences heartburn. And, although it is an uncomfortable and painful condition, most people consider it is a nuisance rather than a condition. Besides, most people only experiences heartburn once or twice every month and it’s really nothing serious. However, there are cases where heartburn can severely affect your life. Around 10 percent of the adult population experiences a chronic kind of heartburn. Chronic heartburn happens when people start experiencing the condition every single day. And, this can really have the ability to take control of your life.

Top 10 Tips for Success after Gastric Bypass Surgery

Gastric bypass surgery is a weight loss procedure that results in major changes not only in the body, but also in one’s lifestyle. To be able to adapt well to those changes, a patient needs to bear in mind these guidelines that ensure success after the surgery. Success means maintaining a healthy weight and preventing the possibility of regaining weight.

Avoid foods that are not nutritious. The culprits for weight gain are foods and liquids that are rich in calories, fat, and sugar. These include soda, milk shakes, alcohol, and sugar-rich desserts. These foods do not provide nutrients; instead, they cause hunger pangs and vomiting. Avoid them so that you do not out your weight loss effort to waste. Make sure that your diet is rich in protein, and include lots of fruits and vegetables.
Avoid foods that cause discomfort. Sticky, dry, and fibrous foods such as pasta, rice, bread, and meat are usually a no-no for bypass surgery patients. Soda is also not allowed because it causes bloating, gas pain, and even pressure in the stomach.
Avoid snacking between meals. This will only hurt your chances of keeping a healthy weight.
Avoid drinking liquids immediately before, during, or after meals. Filling your stomach with liquids instead of foods will deprive you of your much-needed nutrients for healing and recovery. Be sure to drink fluids at least 30 minutes before and after your meals. And of course, avoid drinking fluids while eating meals.
Refrain from drinking alcoholic and caffeinated drinks. Alcohol does more harm than good for people who have gone through weight loss surgery. Devoid of calories, alcohol can cause stomach ulcers. Caffeine has the same effect, aside from working against hydration in the body.
Contact your surgeon if problems arise. If you experience one or more of the following problems, call your surgeon immediately: extreme pain in the legs, shortness or difficulty of breathing, fever, bleeding of the incisions, and dark stools.
Maintain your follow-up visits after the surgery. This will make it easier for you and your surgeon to monitor and assess your progress. Also, this will result in early detection of problems such as surgical complications and nutritional deficiencies.
Keep yourself from getting pregnant for two years following surgery. Because your body is undergoing weight months after the surgery, it may not be able to support a baby. This will be unhealthy for both of you and the fetus. Ask your surgeon for advice in case you plan on getting pregnant.
Join a support group. Coping with the aftermath of the surgery may be much easier if you do it with the help of other people. There are many support groups formed to provide emotional support and advice for people who have undergone weight loss surgery. Search for these groups on the Internet; for sure, you can find one within or near your locality.
Find ways to cope with stress. Stress usually leads to comfort eating, which is not good for people who have had weight loss surgery. Listen to your favorite music, read books, meet up with friends, and do whatever you can to effectively deal with stress.
You will get the best results from gastric bypass surgery if you follow the guidelines mentioned above.

Type of Foods to Eat After Gastric Bypass Surgery

Rapid weight loss is possible, thanks to a surgical procedure called the gastric bypass. In essence, this weight loss surgery reduces the size of a part of the stomach and connects it to the small intestine. By doing so, it prevents overeating and helps gain satisfaction after eating small meals. After the surgery, the stomach volume becomes smaller and, as a result, can contain only 1 ounce of food (which stretches to 8 ounces over time).

Have you gone through weight loss surgery? Because of the changes in your digestive system, you need to follow a diet after the surgery. You also need to consult a registered dietician to know the foods you must eat, how to eat them, and how much to eat. Your post-surgery diet must be planned carefully to avoid sudden weight gain and other complications such as vomiting. Also, the right diets helps shorten the recovery period, ease pain on the surgical areas, and adjust your body to the changes in eating habits.

For the first two days after your surgery, eating is not allowed. Then after several months, you are required to eat certain foods that vary in softness and texture. Weight loss surgery patients follow a diet progression that begins with liquids and proceeds to pureed foods and soft foods. The first phase is the liquid diet consisting of water, milk, juice, broth, and soup. It is followed by three to four weeks of puree diet that includes foods with a texture of a thick liquid or a smooth paste.

Examples are yogurt (low fat or sugar free), oatmeal, pureed meat, and pureed fruits, among others. The third phase is an eight-week soft diet that consists of foods that are easy to chew such as fresh fruits, ground meats, and cooked vegetables. Afterwards, you can move on to the last phase, which is the solid diet. Just be sure to avoid overeating and skipping meals.

Usually, every meal should include foods rich in protein such as cheese, lean meat, and eggs. You need protein because it helps in repairing and maintaining the tissues in your body after the surgery.

After the surgery, it is recommended that you start with six small meals every day. After a few weeks, move on to four meals a day and then reduce it to three meals a day once you have started following a regular solid diet.

The rate at which your body adjusts to the new diet and eating habits determines how fast you must proceed from one diet phase to another. Most patients begin eating solid foods three months after the surgery, but for some, it can happen sooner.

When complemented with regular exercise, following the right diet leads to a 50 to 60 percent weight loss two years after the surgery. What’s more, you enjoy the weight loss benefits of the surgery for good of you consistently maintain the right diet.

Of course, there’s a price to pay for not following the doctor’s or dietician’s recommendations on diet and exercise. Weight gain is the usual result of bad health practices such as lack of exercise, overeating, and high-calorie food and beverage intake. If it happens to you, visit your doctor to discuss the possible solutions. That way, you will be able to get the most out of gastric bypass surgery.

What To Eat After Gastric Bypass Surgery

Gastric bypass surgery is among the most popular bariatric surgery, with the number of those who are choosing to undergo the procedure doubling since 2001 to 2003. The American Society of Bariatric Surgery, estimates the number to be 140,000 annually. This procedure is primarily done to resolve issues of morbid obesity and the diseases associated with it.

In gastric bypass surgery, a small pouch is created in the stomach. This small pouch is stapled and the small intestine’s upper portion is also attached to this small pouch. The middle section of the small intestine is attached to the rest of the stomach. Food will bypass the rest of the stomach and the rest of the small intestine. Te stomach will be in smaller size which would make it full faster. Less calories will be absorbed.

This procedure would require diet change. Since the digestive system is altered or shortened, every food intake would be valuable. Some common side effects brought by the surgery are nutritional deficiency like anemia and osteoporosis. This is why it is important for patients to follow a different diet and take mineral and vitamin supplements.

The special gastric bypass diet would make sure that weight loss will be maintained over time. It would normally involve high protein food. Foods high in protein would ensure that new tissues are being built and the wounds are healing properly. Ideal high protein foods will be low in fat like red meat, chicken or turkey without skin, fish, eggs and cottage cheese.

Sugar and fat is among the foods that are avoided. Gastric bypass diet would involve food low in sugar and fat. Sugary foods are high in calories and fat. Fat is difficult to digest. Consuming too much sugar could also result to the Dumping syndrome that has nausea, dizziness, vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea as symptoms. The body could also react the same way to too much fat. Foods with too much fat and sugar, anyway, do not have sufficient nutrients that would be essential to the body.

Foods high in fiber are also limited in gastric bypass diet. Fibers could block the stomach, small intestine and would require more gastric acid to digest it. A doctor’s approval is needed before ingesting any laxative or fiber pills.

This change is not done immediately. There are stages in a gastric bypass diet. Clear liquids would be the first stage. For the first two days, clear liquids like water, sugar-free juice, clear broth and no fizz soda are consumed in small amounts. Within the first two weeks, low-fat, high protein liquids are ingested. It is important to also take chewable multivitamins during this stage.

Doctors would determine when would be the suitable time for the patient to progress to soft or puree diet. Some would be able to eat after two weeks, while others would have to wait longer than that. Some people who are in this stage would sometimes resort to eating strained baby foods. While others would prefer eating soft foods like scrambled eggs, low-fat cheese, slenderized lean meats, etc.

Two months after the surgery, the patient could now start eating regular diet, starting with high-protein food. Food consumed should be in small amounts. Remember that the stomach is reduced in size. After the gastric bypass, the stomach could accommodate about an ounce of food. Eventually, it could stretch and hold about 4 to 8 ounces or a cup to half a cup of food.

One thing that people should be conscious of would be overeating. Gastric bypass surgery can make the stomach smaller, however this does not affect the overall attitude to eating. People could result to overeating because of genetics or emotions. Lifestyle change is important. Overeating could cause regaining the lost weight, expansion of the pouch, and in worst cases rupture of the stomach. There are many support groups, education, and counseling available to help deal patients with these difficulties.

TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR HEALTH WITH THE LIVER AND GALLBLADDER MIRACLE CLEANSE

LIVER AND GALLBLADDER
Most people unknowingly suffer from a dangerous buildup of gallstones in the liver and gallbladder. These stones clog up the body’s cleansing organs, creating a toxic environment incapable of maintaining good health. You become fatigued, your tissues inflame, you gain weight, and your immune system stops fighting off illness and disease.

Now, The Liver and Gallbladder Miracle Cleanse teach you how to easily and painlessly remove gallstones in the comfort of your own home. Ridding your body of these disease-causing stones allows you to reclaim your health and vitality while relieving your suffering from symptoms of toxic gallstone buildup, including:

Constipation

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High Cholesterol

Depression

Heart Disease

Back Pain

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Headaches

What happened to iPhone Phil?

I moved, and started a new job. This kept me pretty busy, and left me little time for blog posts.

Also there are so many good iPhone resources that I can’t really compete.

I recommend iPhone Atlas.

I’ll be starting a personal blog in the future and I will merge iPhone Phil content with it.

Foiled by the iPhone!

Today I checked into the MGM Grand hotel in Las Vegas, I was charged $130 per night. I decided to check the rate on the MGM Website and found the rate listed as $120 per night. I showed the worker the rate on my iphone and she changed it!

Posted from iPhone

First mobile post

I’m here with my friend so also just got am iPhone. He described it as “The most amazing piece of technology I’ve ever seen”.

Posted from iPhone

Some Overlooked iPhone Tips

Press and hold on elements in Safari
If you press and hold on an image or link you will get a popup with some information about it, either where the link heads, and it’s title for images.

This also works in the email program because it uses Webkit to display email.

Press and hold on the keyboard for accuracy
Key-presses register as you let go of the key, not as you press it. If you are having trouble hitting the correct keys, just press and hold as you type a letter. If you hit the wrong key, slide your finger and release when you are on the correct one.

As a result of this behavior, you can only press one key at a time. This can slow down advanced typists. If you press one key, and then press the next one with your other hand before lifting the first one, the second will not register. So if you are typing fast, be sure to do quick taps and bring your finger up quick so the next one can make a valid key-press.

Weighted keyboard zones
The iPhone keyboard has very advanced error-correction. It’s kind of obvious to do things this way and I don’t know why more phones didn’t have error-correction this good before.

If you begin typing a word that starts with ‘plu’ then you press somewhere on the left side of the keyboard in the general area of the ‘s’ key, it will correct with ‘plus’. If you press somewhere on the right side of the keyboard in the general area of ‘m’ it will correct with ‘plum’ and if you press somewhere in the middle, closer to ‘g’ it will correct with ‘plug’.

With longer words, there are less possible completions, often times you can simply strike keys somewhat near the intended key, and it will figure it out in the end. This is the key to fast typing on the iPhone

PM Press Sells Ebooks to Internet Archive: “We want our books to be in every library”

Like any business publisher, Ramsey Kanaan needs to bring in cash and have however many

individuals as could be expected under the circumstances read his books. Be that as it may, he says his organization, PM Press, can do both by offering his books to the general population and to libraries for loaning – either on paper or carefully. While most publishers only license ebooks to libraries, PM Press has donated and sold both print and ebook versions of its titles to the Internet Archive to use in its Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) program. By owning the copies, the Internet Archive ensures that the press’s collection of publications is available to the public and preserved.

“We’re not above profit making. It’s with sales that we pay our salaries. Nevertheless, the reason we are also doing this is we actually believe in the information we are selling and we want to make it accessible,” says Kanaan. “We want our books to be in every library.”

Founded in 2007, PM Press has published between 30 and 40 titles a year. The books (all available in print and various digital formats) include fiction, graphic novels, comics, memoirs, and manifestos on topics such as activism, education, self-defense and parenting. “We’d like to assert or inject our ideas contained in the titles we publish as our modest contribution to making the world a better place,” says Kanaan.

From the beginning, Kanaan says the agenda of PM Press has been deeper than just making money by renting books annually to libraries. “The concept of charging multiple times to us is ridiculous and contrary to everything we are trying to do in publishing,” he says. “Our interest is in the dissemination, preservation and archiving of ideas…with no firewall.”

Kanaan says he doesn’t understand the objections to CDL by publishers that have sold their print books to libraries for decades. “If a library purchases a book or an ebook it’s going to be ‘borrowed’ by, ideally, lots of people. The industry has entered into this agreement with libraries for time immemorial – presumably access without further commercial transaction,” says Kanaan. “I don’t see the difference in a library making a print or ebook available for borrowing once it’s purchased. It’s the same.”

In donating to the Internet Archive in December 2019 and selling the other print titles and ebooks in the PM Press collection, Kanaan hopes this hybrid approach will help expand the audience for its titles. “The Internet Archive is not bootlegging materials. They are like any other library lending out one copy at a time.”

Kanaan maintains that companies against CDL as a way of doing business are “dinosaurs” and that digital lending is the future. “We see the Internet Archive as a partner in our endeavor to get our information out,” Kanaan says. “We want to achieve a better world for most of its inhabitants. We’re battling against the 1 percent who just need a superior world just for themselves. I’m hoping we are not just on the right side of history, but that we are actually going to win this one.”

Difference between CDMA and TDMA

An important difference between TDMA and CDMA is that in TDMA, the duty cycle of the RF amplifier is a product of the number of time slots used. AGSM handset using one time slot has a duty cycle of 1/8. Maximum output power of a 900 MHz GSM phone is 2 Watts. Effectively, the average maximum power available across an eightslot frame is therefore 250 mW. In CDMA, the handset is continuously transmitting but at a maximum of 250 mW. The total power outputs are therefore similar. In a TDMA phone, the RF burst has to be contained within a power/time template to avoid interference with adjacent time slots. The RF output power of the TDMA handset is adjusted to respond to changes in channel condition (near/far and fading effects) typically every 500 ms. In an IS95 CDMA phone, power control is done every 1.25 ms, or 800 times a second. This is done to ensure that user codes can be decorrelated under conditions of relatively stable received signal strength (energy per bit over the noise floor). Failure to maintain reasonably equivalent Eb/Nos (energy per bit over the noise floor) between code streams will result in intercode interference. Traditionally the power control loop in an IS95 CDMA phone requires careful implementation

Vahe Baloulian- EEGaming Interview

EEGReport Magazine: During 2015 and even in these few months of 2016, legislation in some Eastern European countries has been amended with new regulatory acts. For example, software suppliers need to apply for a second class license, etc. How do you feel this has impacted BetConstruct’s operations?

VB: Government regulation is important where the industry can’t, for whatever reason, self-regulate. In those cases we welcome it as it makes things clear and levels the field. Unless regulation deviates from its primary purpose of player protection and turns purely into tax collection, it allows us to better understand the jurisdictions where we are planning to become active. Now that some Eastern European countries are doing what many of their European counterparts have done, we are hoping that they will use the reality of them not being the trailblazers to their advantages and will learn from the sustainable regulating regimes. Although BetConstruct is typically prompted to go into licensing or certification processes by our partners wishing to operate in certain jurisdictions, our legal and compliance specialists are also tasked to keep us ahead of the curve when it comes to the upcoming and changing regulations.

EEGReport Magazine: As we know BetConstruct offers a full range of betting software for physical premises. How big is your impact in the CEE region?

VB: BetConstruct has its roots as a retail sportsbook operator. Therefore, we do have a very strong and ever-evolving sportsbook offering for the land-based operators and are fairly well represented in the region through our partners in the Baltics and Balkans. This does not mean we are completely satisfied with our penetration of the region. For historical reasons, we are very well aware of the diverse mentality and culture of the peoples living in CEE region and this informs our conscientious approach to their demands and requirements. However, it is the constant learning process that drives our efforts to identify and take advantage of the new opportunities there. We recently opened our Kiev office and will continue to insistently seek out new partners in this region.

IEEGReport Magazine: Is the online sphere taking over from gaming in the high street in bookmakers and casinos?

VB: The casinos and bookmakers who have not yet expanded online may harbor an intrinsic fear that online will take over the land-based industry. Still, I don’t think it is happening now and I don’t see it happening in the near future. Players enjoy their freedom of choice. They watch movies online but cinemas are still dotting the landscape, they read digital books though printed ones are still being sold everywhere, they buy digital music yet concert venues are still sold-out. Having said this, the land-based operators, regardless of their participation in the e-gaming space, must evolve to retain their allure. We see, for example, some of our partners moving from the run-of-the-mill shop formats to sports cafés and bars with betting as a major part of the offering. I believe that while it is not a matter of land-based being pushed out by the online, it very well can be a matter of those who cling to conventional, slow progressing modus operandi being pushed out by those who are innovative and swift.

EEGReport Magazine: Since the affiliates of some of these newly regulated countries fall into the same licensing criteria as software suppliers, do you think that this is beneficial to the online gambling affiliate businesses?

VB: By and large no, but it depends on the level of regulations that are applied to the affiliates and how the affiliates are defined. Affiliates are marketers, and as such they have to follow the same conventions that govern marketing trade. Every responsible adult oriented industry, whose products are being advertised to general public, should have a code of conduct. Affiliates should be required to adhere to the same codes of advertising as operators. If their efforts strictly fall within the definition of marketing, I think that regulating them as they do gaming technology providers is excessive. I think that while operators cannot take responsibility for their affiliates’ every action, they should carry out their own due diligence of affiliates before signing them up and continue monitoring affiliate activities during their partnership.

EEGReport Magazine: From the information we have, the Czech Republic is going to open its market to remote operators and it is believed that the first licenses are already going to be available at the beginning of 2017. Has your company received orders or requests from operators that are looking to penetrate the market and use your platform?

VB: Even with expected considerable tax rate increases, the pending adoption of a new gambling regulatory framework in Czechia, which will remove the seat requirement, has wetted appetites of a few operators that have contacted us hoping to upgrade their technology before this market really opens up. Our business development specialists too are actively exploring the new opportunities that 2017 will bring if these changes are enacted as expected. For us, as a technology provider, the constant challenge is to make sure our products comply with the new requirements without making the player’s journey more complicating.

EEGReport Magazine: Recent changes to Bulgaria’s remote gambling laws have made the market increasingly attractive to both foreign and local operators, but how is the competitive landscape shaping up? What is the inside info you have from operators that are using your platform in regards to this market.

VB: Bulgaria showed a more progressive approach to online gaming with sensible fees and taxes and open-minded legislation. Our partners in Bulgaria are EGT and the Bulgarian National Lottery. Both are undisputed leaders in Bulgarian gaming industry. It’s a market with a few big players, many of which are locally owned. These companies have been competing long before the new rules took effect. One of the major differences is that now this competition has moved into a more leveled field and those without licenses are being blocked by the government.

EEGReport Magazine: Do you think that countries such as Romania, Czech Republic, Poland or Hungary are markets for which operators should be queuing up for a license or lobby to be regulated, or does too much uncertainty remain to make it a sustainable investment given the fact that it’s the CEE region?

VB: We are talking about a combined population of about 80 million people. That’s quite a sizable market to be ignored. With Western Europe markets getting saturated and maturing, opening up new markets by having them regulated is very important. For some operators, I would say, it is vital. Removing uncertainty through regulation will help and if we talk about lobbying the efforts should be directed at making these regulations sensible. Regulations are there to first and foremost protect the consumer. If you look at the programs of the most industry conferences, you will notice that we get so overwhelmed with all the rules and requirements that we almost never discuss how we can better serve our players, their issues are never in the center of the agendas.

EEGReport Magazine: What other trends should we look out for? Where do you expect the European market to go?

VB: There is a lot of talk about e-sports, millennials, VR, M&A, etc. Nobody really knows how all these will play out. BetConstruct has been actively covering e-sports before it became a buzzword. With all the talk about them notwithstanding, millennials have still not being figured out. The real utilization and spread of VR in gaming is a few years away and all M&A activity is not really changing the way the industry functions. We can talk about trends, buzzwords and people doing the things media usually gets excited about, while, many companies, often unnoticed and unheralded, will continue running their casinos, sportsbooks, bingos and lotteries, quietly producing compelling results and serious profits.

Source Coding

In a first-generation cellular handset, you talk into a microphone and a variable voltage is produced, describing 3 kHz of voice modulated audio bandwidth. The voltage is then FM-modulated onto an RF carrier—an all analog processing chain. In second-generation handsets, you talk into a microphone and the voice is turned into a digital bit stream using waveform encoding. For example, in GSM, a 104 kbps data stream is produced prior to the vocoder. It is the vocoder’s job to reduce this data
rate to, for example, 13 kbps or less without noticeable loss of quality. In the wireline world and in digital cordless phones, this is achieved in the time domain by using time domain compression techniques (exploiting sample-to-sample predictability). These are known as adaptive differential pulse code modulation codecs. They work well in high background noise conditions but suffer quality loss at low codec rates—for example, 16 kbps or below.
The decision was made that digital cellular handsets should use speech synthesis codecs that coded in the frequency domain (see Figure 1.11). The figure shows a female voice saying “der.” Each block represents a 20-ms speech sample. The first block shows the “d,” and the second block shows the “er” described in the time domain (y-axis) and frequency domain (x-axis). Each sample is described in terms of frequency coefficients. Compression is achieved by exploiting similarity between samples.

In the receiver, the frequency coefficients are used to rebuild, or synthesize, the harmonic structure of the original voice sample. The more processing power used in the codec, the better the quality for a given compression ratio. Alternatively, rather than synthesize waveforms, waveforms can be prestored and fetched and inserted as needed in the decoder. This reduces processor overhead but
increases memory bandwidth in the vocoder. These codecs are known as codebook codecs or more precisely codebook excitation linear prediction (CELP) codecs. Codecs used in present CDMA handsets and most future handsets are CELP codecs. Voice codecs are also becoming variable rate, either switchable (for coverage or capacity gain) or adaptive (the codec rate varies according to the dynamic range of the input waveform). The objective of all codecs is to use processor bandwidth to reduce transmission bandwidth. Speech synthesis codecs and codebook codecs can deliver
compression ratios of 8:1 or more without significant loss of quality. 3G handsets add in MPEG-4 encoders/decoders to support image and video processing. In common with vocoders, these video codecs use time domain to frequency domain transforms (specifically, a discrete cosine transform) to identify redundancy in the input image waveform. As we will see, video codecs are capable of delivering compression ratios of 40:1 or more with tolerable image quality. Fourth-generation digital encoders will add in embedded rendering and mesh coding techniques to support motion prediction, motion estimation, and motion compensation.